Being Truly Human July 2021 Newsletter

From the Editor

Our Summer School this year we are hoping (circumstances permitting) to hold at Claridge House, Lingfield, Surrey, where we have held a number of Summer Schools in previous years.

This will be from Monday 2nd to Friday 6th August with a minimum stay of two nights, and a maximum of four. The cost will be £130 per person per night, full board. However, the Trust has a bursary fund, and a substantial discount will be available to anyone who has not been to the School before, or who has not been for a number of years.

Please contact the Trust if you would like to hear more.

A talk given by Phiroz Mehta at Dilkusha, Forest Hill, London on 27^th March 1976

I think you all know that in past civilisations it was the whole family, father, mother and the sons and daughters who were regarded as the social unit, not each individual person. As the centuries went by and greater and greater emphasis was laid upon the worth of each individual as such, and also because of several other reasons, the individual came to be regarded as the unit of society. Now, it is very interesting that in recent times amongst the most individualistic peoples of the world, such as ourselves in Britain, there have arisen scientists, mainly medical people, who have investigated this matter rather closely for several years and have presented their findings. And they say quite unequivocally that in actual biological fact it is the family which is the social unit, the biological social unit, not the separate individual. Now if we go into this deeply there are some very remarkable consequences, if we understand this carefully. As far as the doctors have gone, they have spoken in biological terms. Biological does not mean in this context confined purely to the physiology and anatomy of the body. But these doctors have regarded the person as a psycho-physical being. So far as our psycho-physicality is concerned, it is the family which is the true unit and not the individual.

The doctors have not gone further than that, but we might consider one or two points in relation to this. Whilst I believe it is true that speaking psycho-physically only, the biological unit of society is the family, then each individual person has to be regarded as a unit of mankind as a whole. Each individual person is a unit fundamentally because he has the potentiality to realise the true meaning contained in the common-or-garden phrase “I am I. I am myself.” Whilst it is true that biologically speaking the family is the unit, each member of that family and therefore each and every single member of the human race, has this inner sanctum, so to say, of the mind and consciousness which no one else has in the same manner and functioning in the same way as it functions in each individual. Therefore in that sense we are distinct individuals. We are unique creatures.

But it doesn’t end there. If it ended there, then the misapplication of this sense of individuality leads to rampant egoism and all the ghastly consequences of that rampant egoism, the oppression, the domination, the insensitivity of the strong and the powerful individual in relationship with others. We have to go deeper still. This very mind and consciousness which is associated with our sense of distinctive personal individuality, when truly mature and come to fruition, once again restores us to the whole. So that in mind and consciousness the separateness of individuality vanishes and the individual is only — I don’t mean only in a diminutive sense — but, let me say, the individual is truly the living vehicle of fulfilled mankind. So you see what has happened. We start with a biological unity with respect to a few members of the human race. We form part of that unity. Then we move out of that state into this state of very distinct, self-assertive, separate individualism, and then if we do mature, we return again to a unity, this time not a unity confined to the family, confined to our psycho-physicality, but inclusive of totality, of transcendence. I think it is very important for us to be more and more intensely aware of this for several reasons. One is this: You know the habit people have throughout the world of separating religion and the religious life from the secular life, as it is called, from what they call the other aspects of life. This simply indicates the fragmentariness of the mind of the person who sees thus and talks thus and acts upon this view. But if we see the wholeness and the fragmentariness disappears, each individual person, as well as all mankind, has the chance to move towards true human fulfilment which is denied if we are restricted to our egoism and our separate individualism.

This is one very important reason why we should be more and more intensely aware of this. And there is another reason. Throughout the centuries this separation of the religious life and the secular life, and this habit of regarding the Holy One as something apart from the rest of mankind, from the rest of the whole world, has been responsible for the accusation levelled at the Holy One, that he retreats from life, refuses to face the problems of life. That’s part of the accusation. And the other part is even more awful with regard to its social implications. It is said that the one who devotes himself entirely to the religious life is a person who does not face the world’s problems and help towards their solution. Why? Because he is selfishly, exclusively concerned with his own salvation. So strong has been this point of view that we have one of the classic examples of it — there are many others also — but one of the classic examples of it is in the distinction drawn by so many between the two great branches of Buddhism. The Hinayana, with the Pali Canon as its fundamental teaching, is regarded as the means by which a person devotes himself just to his personal salvation. He is concerned with realising Nirvana and he is unconcerned with the rest of humanity. The Mahayana presents the doctrine, therefore, the ideal of the Bodhisattva who forswears Nirvana and fulfilment for himself and is devoted to the salvation of all mankind, not only all mankind but everything that is alive. You have the beautiful, exaggerated expression, “Until every blade of grass has entered Nirvana.” So you will always be mowing the lawns of Nirvana! Don’t forget. We must have a little sense of humour with respect to this sort of thing.

Now, let us use our good sense. It is so easily, so glibly said, and this applies not only to this sphere of religion, but in every sphere of human life throughout the ages, “Oh, that man is only concerned with himself, he doesn’t care two hoots about anybody else or anything else.” Let us enquire, and the enquiry doesn’t need to go very far. It’s so obvious, the answer is so obvious. Could I exist at all without you? Could this which I call myself subsist a single moment in time and space if that which I call the non-self, which means you, human beings, all creatures, the earth, the plants, sun, light, air, if all that were not there, could this possibly be here? So we see at once that there is no such thing as the possibility of a person being a hundred per cent concerned with himself and with his own salvation. What is the relationship between myself as one single individual and all the rest? What is the relationship? It is a relationship of interaction, and what I have called in my new book ‘interfluence’. We influence each other continuously by the mere fact of our existence. It is not possible to be free of it. Whether I deliberately and consciously try to help somebody else or whether I don’t, the very fact that I exist means that I am affecting his life. You can’t get away from that. Now, in what manner do I the individual affect my environment, affect my fellow human beings, affect the whole world? In what manner do I affect? Exactly what I am in myself from moment to moment exercises its whole influence immediately upon myself and upon my environment. If I am in a rage inside myself, certain chemical processes take place which medical science knows are not exactly health-promoting. They are rather detrimental to myself to start with. There, if you like, is a marvellous example of the immediacy of the operation of karma, not tomorrow, not merely two hours hence, but in my rage right now there are chemical processes taking place which are detrimental. Now, that’s purely on the physical side as pure chemistry of the body. Being in a rage makes me react towards those who are in my milieu, in my environment, in a detrimental way to them. And that reacts on me.

You see how complex karma is and how it works. We, if we are sensible — that’s why I started off by saying “Let us look at it sensibly” — if we are sensible, we will be intensely cognizant of the immediacy of the operation of karma. That means the immediacy of the effect of every single thought and feeling, of word and of action. You see what it means to live the human life, the religious life. I am constantly interacting with the environment, with everybody else. There’s a constant interplay, and an interplay which cannot be stopped. It stops as far as I am concerned only when the organism is dead, that is to say as far as the immediate interaction is concerned. But what I have spoken, thought, what I have done, in so far as it has introduced changes in the life of my environment, that goes on and on and on, undergoing an extraordinary transformation process through the years, throughout the centuries, until these particular influences in the course of the transformation have completely worked themselves out and become something utterly new and rich and strange. Let’s hope it is rich. Strange it is certainly going to be, but I don’t know about the rich. You see? We have to be very sensitive and touch the activities of the self and their effect upon the environment on a universal scale, not just in a limited action. Be very sensitive to the universality of every single thought and feeling and action. Consider for a moment how a single look by someone in authority, a parent, a teacher, an elder upon a child can, may, completely alter that child’s life for good or evil. And if it happens that that alteration takes place in a child whose destiny it is to affect the world very powerfully, the world will suffer terrible effects. Or the other way around. If a look, just a look, at a child influences that child in such a manner that it opens up something marvellous within him, and if it is in his destiny to be an instrument for world change, the world will be changed for the better.

Now how can we ever say then that we are unconcerned with the world, we are concerned with our own selfish salvation? There is no meaning to the term ‘selfish salvation’. That adjective ‘selfish’ completely denies the meaning of the word and the implications of the word ‘salvation’. There is no such thing as an exclusive salvation for me. It is with everybody, it is for everybody. Take an absurd example. When I breathe out I can’t hold that air and say “This is mine, let no one else breathe it.” It’s impossible. It just goes  into the universal store. And it is the same with the influence of thought and feeling — into the universal store. We have to wake up in inner awareness to the reality of the unity of the universe. We just use that word universe very glibly. “The whole world” we say, and so on, but we are not at all inwardly sensitive to the meaning of the word ‘world’, when we use that word ‘world’.

So there is no such thing as living the religious life for the sake of one’s personal salvation. There, the religieux, however sincere he may be, who strives to realise just his personal salvation is somewhat absurdly, charmingly, pathetically, childishly foolish. You can’t strive for your exclusive personal salvation. On the other hand the person who gets an idea, who is enthused with some ideal, who has, as he says, “seen the light”, or heard the message from God, and so forth, even if it is only a case of making the tennis ball go in the right way, in the right direction, in order to win Wimbledon, you see, is equally stupid. He or she goes about “The Lord has spoken unto me, and lo and behold we must all — come on, boys and girls! — compel them to get on the bandwagon to Heaven.” You see, the stupidly with which we suffer is something tragic. Is it surprising that the Buddha laid so much emphasis upon stupidity which was associated with delusion and illusions in his teaching? How awful are its consequences! So neither the one extreme or the other extreme. Both belong to the realm of delusion and both are stupid.

Now the fact remains that everyone of us influences everyone else. We look at the state of the world today, and there’s no need to labour the point; we all know it is moving towards the precipice. It’s almost looking over the edge now of the precipice. And it may not be ten or fifteen years even before some terrible catastrophe will overwhelm a very large proportion of the human race unless we wake up in time. There’s very little sign that mankind as a whole will wake up in time. You may say, have you any evidence for saying this, that there is very little sign that mankind will wake up in time? Yes, I put it to you, what is it that human beings look to for saving the world situation? What is it that they look to? All over the world, we are always looking for a system, a method, which will prove a panacea for the world’s ills. The system, the method, is external to themselves — the world meaning the sincere, those who are concerned, who are willing to adopt themselves to a certain extent to a system. The rest are blindly ignorant, they are hopelessly incapable and they just don’t care. Now isn’t this the sheerest folly? What is the root of the world’s ills? What is the true root of the world’s ills? Myself, the living being. It is my greed and violence and ignorance and so forth which is the root source of my ills. The external circumstance, the external horror, catastrophe, will certainly bring pain to me whether I be saint or sinner. But the ills which really afflict me are the ills which are born of my flaws. There is no system or method in political or economic or sociological or educational or any other form, external form, which can heal me of my ills. I alone can do that. I alone can look at myself, be intensely, very sensitively aware of myself and my reactions, my behaviour and so forth, and in the intensity of the seeing, seeing intelligently, heal the ills. And when I say intelligently, I decidedly do not mean get rid of the ills. The ills are the external symptoms — they are the consequences of the source inside me which produces these ills. Because in so far as the source is in my psyche, in my mind, inside this living being, it is constantly interacting with you. You see the utter futility of this externalisation, of the system, the method, somebody else is going to do the job. No one else can do the job, however willing he may be. Do let us be sensible about this. When you are hungry, do you ask me to eat on your behalf? Would you like me to eat on your behalf? That’s a little bit doubtful. Would you allow me to eat on your behalf? That’s completely doubtful! You’ll shout out “Hey, it’s me who am hungry. What are you eating therefore?” It is like that. But you see, whilst all of us, I am sure, and a great many, by the thousands in fact in the world, will give their intellectual assent to this, they are only superficially in sympathy with real understanding. The most important aspect of religious living it to wake up to the truth. The truth is not a set of statements or commandments or wonderful revelations inside a book or coming from a person. To wake up to the truth means to see and fully understand here now exactly what is present here now. You all know that you are for example in this room, listening to someone who is speaking. You all know that as a fact. And unless you were completely out of your senses you wouldn’t deny that simple straightforward fact. That is the truth of the matter. Now when we can become aware of the truth of the matter with regard to our own inward state in that manner, then we know exactly how to behave. You hear, sit, courteously, patiently, listening to the speaker. Right? This is right behaviour. If the speaker says something outrageous, something evil, well, if you do get very angry you might seize hold of some of the books and throw them at my head, or if you had stone in your hands you might like to do so! But I doubt whether any one of you would quite behave that way. You’d just quietly walk out or never come again, which is sensible behaviour, is it not? Now can we be sensible in that manner with respect to what is inside us? This is our personal responsibility, not only as people who are fundamentally, profoundly concerned with the religious life, but fundamentally, profoundly concerned with being true human beings.

Now, so much in relation to ourselves. There is another aspect. We started off with understanding, or trying to understand, that every single being inevitably affects everyone around him, which means that you and I inevitably condition each other. It is not possible to escape the fact of conditioning. Every single new born infant can never escape the conditioning he or she will undergo, by virtue of his home, his parents, his friends, his teachers and those who come in touch with him. Now, consider again, where does the world’s evil start? Who is it that has really failed if we look now not just at ourselves as individuals but look at society as a whole? Who has failed and has constantly failed through the ages, and will continue to fail for many, many scores of thousands of years yet, because progress is slow? It’s the mothers of the world fundamentally who have failed, and who keep failing. Look around and see what the mothers do, how they bring up their little ones. I have quite a good little opportunity constantly, well, not all day long, but now and again I just pop up and look out of the windows, and I see the mothers taking their children and behaving towards them, and so on and so on. I hear how mothers talk to their children, about their children, about their little ones, and so forth. And how are those mothers influencing the children? And not only the mothers but also the fathers. The mothers and the fathers of the world have failed en masse, hence the misery and the trouble of the world. And just observe what society does in order to deal with this trouble and misery. It introduces counteracting measures, something to counteract the ill. But this is giving dope, because you’re tackling the system, you’re tackling the symptom. It’s no good doping the person and tackling the system. Heal the person of the root ills which are the source from which these painful symptoms, the terrible symptoms, appear. So you see, we are all in a mess. With the best will in the world, all the system and the methods and the panaceas and the utopias which we throw out are utterly useless in the long run.

Look at our social services, as they are called. We all preen ourselves, “Ah, free education, free medicine, etc., etc., etc.” And just precisely what does our education amount to? Turning out another cog in the wheel of a machine which has been acting through the centuries like a juggernaut which crushes living human beings under its relentless wheels. Why did we introduce in the last century compulsory education? In order that certain people may get the vote. And so on. What was the fundamental driving factor there, apart from greed, power lust, possession lust and so forth? And what does our education consist in? In imposing fixed ideas, beliefs, ideals, some of which are certainly in the direction of fruition and growth, but are they all that? And even those which are in the direction of fruition and growth, do they work in terms of releasing the light of pure intelligence in the person, or merely make him the victim of fixed beliefs? Is it not the fixations of the mind which are the illness of the mind, whether those fixations may be, most attractive dogmas and doctrines and so forth. “I believe in God the Father.” Good God! If I am truthful, I do not believe in God the Father, which means I am not faithful unto the idea of God the Father. To believe means in the first instance to be faithful unto. Do we ever consider that fact? That is the first meaning of belief, to be faithful unto. Am I faithful unto God the Father? Remember Jesus saying, “Ye are not the children of Abraham, you are the children of the devil.”

So our education is like that, our social services, and see how they are misused, with the thousands of people who just thieve, rob the bounty of the state. You have only got to go to the — what are they called, the places where the money is doled out? — the Social Security offices, you see, and just watch. Just watch what happens. So you see, the mothers and the fathers have failed, and certainly the state always fails in these matters because it’s all externalised. There is nothing to wake up the individual. Conventional religion also fails because conventional orthodox religion is presented as fixed ideas, doctrines, beliefs, musts and must-nots which land us in the realm of conflict only.

Only from within ourselves can come the light, can come the balm, the ointment which will heal. And that which truly heals does not hurt, does not hurt in the real sense. It may give a very exciting sensation when first applied, but afterwards there is joy, there is fulfilling. And this is the real meaning of religion and the religious life, to let this grow from within. By all means let us listen to others, let us discuss with them, let us talk with them, let us read the books, and so forth and so forth, and be sensible with it all. Use our own intelligence to understand. And understanding comes when the mind is calm and quiet and not trying to ferret out all sorts of truths or meanings. The truth is just utterly simple, so simple you hardly need to say one word to express it. And then it may be possible to bring about such a state of affairs that the world, which is rushing towards destruction, may draw back just in time, because of you yourselves.

A lecture delivered by Phiroz Mehta at Attingham Park, Shropshire on 26^th February 1956 as part of a conference on ‘Christianity and Politics’

“Love the Lord your God with all your heart and soul and might.”

Deuteronomy, 6.5

“Love your neighbour as yourself.”

Leviticus, 19.18

You, as Christians, will recognize this as the foundation stone of Christ’s teaching, indeed, as the very essence of the Christ nature. Whoso is the living embodiment of this is a Son of God. Whoso radiates this reality in his own daily life is a true Christian exemplifying the perfect meaning of Christian Culture.

The heart of the good news which Jesus proclaimed was that the kingdom of heaven was at hand. When he was asked where was the kingdom of God, he answered:

“The Kingdom of God is within you.”

Luke, 17.21

The question, “How do you make yourself fit to enter the kingdom of heaven, to receive the kingdom of God?” is answered, largely, in one word: Repent. The creed of Christ is summed up in the Lord’s Prayer, and the heart of his code in the Beatitudes.

The Christian religion has grown out of the teachings and out of the life and example of Jesus Christ. Many cultural influences have played upon it, sometimes adding to its growth, sometimes changing it; and even today it is still growing, still changing. Thus Christian culture has seen changes in accordance with the influences that have played upon the Master’s original teachings, and with the different ways in which God and Christ, and Nature and Man have been interpreted. First and foremost is the influence of the Hebraic heritage. This bequeathed to Jesus himself the conception of the One God who was constantly concerned with human history, of God as father, the commandments to love God and one’s neighbour, and the Messianic idea. But whereas the Jewish Messianic expectation was that a son of David would come in power and glory and establish a dominion under himself as the king of the Jews, Jesus largely transformed this into the conception, and fact, that the kingdom of God is realized by being the suffering, sinless servant of God. In other words, not the material, political, self-asserting Messiah, but the spiritual, loving, self-effacing Messiah was the role which Jesus fulfilled, thus defeating the temptation of sovereignty throughout his life. Jesus, however, did not erase but actually lent support to the apocalyptic view of history, and of the history of the near future at that. Consequently, the new-born religion first flowed into the mould of apocalyptic Messianism. But when Jesus’ prediction remained unfulfilled even by the end of the first century, it broke its first mould. When the new religion moved into Europe, its affinity with Platonism could not be denied. St. Paul first formulated Christian doctrine, and the Pauline formulation is largely Platonic. St. John’s gospel develops Pauline Platonism. In the 3rd century a definite school of Christian Platonism flourished under Clement of Alexandria and Origen. The next great influence was that of Plotinus as evidenced by Gregory of Nyassa, Basil, and St. Augustine. Indeed, Rudolf Eucken considered that Plotinus exercised a greater influence than any other thinker upon Christian theology. Boethius, Scotus Erigena and the great Eckhart owed much to Plotinus.

Thus, as the early centuries rolled on, the original teachings of Jesus were being related to already existing religious and philosophical teachings, giving rise to a Christian philosophy or metaphysic and to Christian mysticism. Besides Hellenistic thought, Gnosticism, Philonism, Mithraism, and various Alexandrian schools contributed here. But Christian doctrine did not grow as a single doctrine. Dissident views emerged. Rome became full of churches, catering for Marcionites, Modalists, and Gnostics of various sects (Harnack, The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, Volume II, 1906, p. 385). The Catholics, however, were the most powerful, for Decius (according to Cyprian, Ep. 55, 9) said he would rather have a rival emperor at Rome than the Pope. The Christians were hated not especially by the educated and official classes but by the mob which disliked the position Christianity gave to slaves and women, and the condemnation which it pronounced upon the cruel amusements of the populace. The dislike of the mob slowly diminished after the middle of the 3rd century. The Church dispensed with much of its Jewish severity. Like contemporary society, it was developing a hierarchical organization, and was increasingly receiving support from all classes. Exercising a certain tolerance, it met paganism more than half-way by its local cults of saints and martyrs, by its sacramental doctrine, by its encouragement of relic and charms, and in other ways. Its annual festivals became more and more like the festi dies of the old worship. All this meant that more and more people joined the Church without understanding what Christianity really signified. But there were differences also between Christianity and the rival religions. In Christianity there was no blood sacrifice, no phallic element in worship; and because of its Semitic root it was opposed to Hellenistic polytheism to the degree of narrow-mindedness. Further, all Christians stood out against gladiatorial shows, slavery, and paying divine honour to the Roman Caesar.

Christianity was thus a rebellious and destructive force towards a pagan Rome. Naturally there was persecution, first officially organized by Decius (200–249–251) in the mid-third century, with the era of the great martyrs following under Diocletian from 303 onwards. But Constantine the Great recognized that, though rebellious and destructive to Rome, Christianity was a unifying and organizing force within its own communion. It was a growing force. It had already expanded its domains as far as Persia and Central Asia. It had, in fact, very early in its history, penetrated into India, the only country which, true to its ago-long traditions, received the new-born religion with open arms. Constantine saw that Christianity alone could organize the will of the people, and that it provided the only hope of moral solidarity in the prevailing welter of ideas and of self-seeking. He claimed that the God of the Christians had fought for him in his victory at the Milvian Bridge (312) in the battle for Rome. This put Christianity firmly on its feet for the first time in Rome. Constantine (b. 274, d. 337) afterwards began to see the fierce dissensions among Christian theologians. His effort at reconciliation led to the famous Council of Nicea in 325.What emerged from here, the Nicene Creed, in which the Trinitarian conception of Athanasius won the day against the Arian belief, marked the exact definition of Christian doctrine. From then on the Christian Church became a world force dominantly affecting European history. In later years, St. Augustine’s treatment in his book The City of God of the political ideas of worldly rule by the Church developed into definite political theory and practice. But the millennium in Europe from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries was the record of the failure of the idea of a divine world government to fulfil itself in practice (St. Augustine, 353–430).

The Christian doctrine which emerged from Nicea presented marked contrass to the teachings of that Jewish Rabbi who was called the Son of God. Jesus of Nazareth gave a prophetic teaching like his Jewish forerunners. He sent out his disciples as preachers of sermons, not as priests performing ceremonies in consecrated temples, or making sacrifices at altars. But fourth-century Christianity was a priestly religion which had taken over sacerdotal magic from other religions and had a complex organization of bishops, priests and deacons. Also, its doctrines took over much from other religions and added them to the teachings of the first and greatest Christian. Constantine, desiring to stamp out all controversy, independent thinking and opposition, by forcibly imposing a dogmatic creed upon all believers, injected into the Catholic Church the disposition to be authoritative and unquestioned in its teachings, autocratic and despotic in its practical dealings. After Constantine, Theodosius the Great (346–379–395) fostered this disposition.

In the 6th and 7th centuries Europe sank into social disorder. It had a slum morale. The social and economic structure of the Roman empire was in ruins. Slowly, Christianity tried to restore the lost sense of community. It taught men to rally around the idea of Christendom. In the work of reconstruction, the monastic orders which now began to rise up played an important part. St Benedict (480–544) discouraged solitary self torture, insisted upon hard work, and exercised a beneficial influence in politics. Pope Gregory the Great, a prominent follower of St Benedict, sent successful missions to the unconverted, particularly to the Anglo-Saxons, and imposed the whole Benedictine rule upon the whole of Latin monasticism. Cassiodorus (490–585), concerned by the widespread decay of education and the possible loss of all learning, directed his brethren to preserve and restore these things. He exercised a great influence in making monasticism a powerful instrument for recreating social order. The monasteries became great centres of cultivation, learning, useful arts, and of a way of life which could be distinctively called Christian culture. In time the early universities sprang up. Although one of the first European universities, Cordoba, was founded by the Moslem Umayyud dynasty ruling in Andalusia, the others, such as Padua, Bologna, Oxford and Cambridge are of Catholic foundation. They exercised an immeasurably far-reaching influence, not only upon European history, but upon the whole of Christian culture. And the learning was grounded in the theology of the Catholic Church.

The common saying that European civilization is founded upon Greek culture and Christianity is, like all similar sayings, only a partial expression of the truth. Nevertheless, it is sufficient for us, in the broad, to accept this statement as a working basis. Now when we say Greek culture, we refer on the one hand to a Greece which consisted of several independent city-states, which rested its material greatness  upon slavery, and which has a popular polytheism as the religion of the masses; and we also refer on the other hand to a Greece whose name is synonymous with some of the world’s most wonderful literature, sculpture and architecture, with games and athletics and the joy of living, and above all, with philosophy. In the context of our present considerations we must particularly note two men: Plato and Aristotle. With their names let us link the names of St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, for the simple reason that the original Catholic orthodoxy was Augustinian Platonism, and this was practically superseded almost a millennium later by Thomistic Aristotelianism, which survives practically to this day as the dominant Catholic orthodoxy. Plato presents two ground principles: the rational, which is the formal or mathematical and scientific, investigated in the Republic; and the emotional, the Eros principle, which is the aesthetic, and which Jowett translated as frenzy or passion or love, expounded in the Phaedrus and the Symposium. In the Timaeus, Plato brings together these two principles, and denominates the rational as the male principle and the emotional as the female principle in the nature of things. Therefore the intuitive and emotional or passionate person in Church symbolism is the female Virgin, and the doctrinal rational person is the male Christ, who represents the unseen — unseen because only rationally known, that is the theoretically deduced — God the Father. For St. Augustine, who upheld the freedom of the human will, and whose theology is founded on Platonism and the teachings of Jesus, the good life consisted as much in the passionate love of God as in the rational knowledge of God. Plato, however, arbitrarily branded the female principle as evil and propounded the male as good. Thus in orthodox western Christian religion, both Catholic and Protestant, the Divine is restored to the rational principle, God the Father. Hence, when one attacks reason one is trying to destroy orthodox Christianity. For St. Thomas, the good life is the life completely controlled by reason, and man is saved by Divine Grace, not so much by feeling or passion as by the rational knowledge of God.

We must note, at this stage, a point of great importance: art and philosophy and religion in any age are intimately related to the physical sciences and mathematics of that age. Changes in conception of the nature of physical things and phenomena give rise to changes in philosophy. Amongst the Greeks, Democritus was the first to present an atomic theory and formulate a particle physics somewhat like Newton’s. This physics could not satisfactorily account for incommensurable magnitudes. So it was superseded by the mathematical physics of Plato’s scientific academy. This conceived of three-dimensional atoms as having the geometrical shapes of the five regular solids, termed the Platonic bodies. A member of Plato’s academy named Eudoxus, who rigorously formulated what is known as the method of exhaustion (a Greek equivalent of modern calculus), showed that for mathematical reasons Plato’s conception of nature was also untenable. As Aristotle said, “A view which asserts atomic bodies must needs come into conflict with the mathematical sciences.” (De Caelo, 303 a 21.)

Now because atoms could not be seen directly, both Democritus and the Platonists introduced the very important distinction between the world as immediately sensed and the world as designated by mathematically formulated theories which could be experimentally verified by science. Hence Platonic and Augustian doctrine laid down that the sensed world was not the real world. Thus, too, the sensed self of man is not his real self but merely the symbol of the real and immortal self. When Aristotle rejected the atomic theory, and therefore also the distinction between the sensed world and the real world, he was driven to say that the sensed world was the real world and therefore all ideas in the intellect are first given through the senses. Augustian doctrine had identified God and the divinity of Christ with the un-sensed and unseen. This was a theoretic and philosophically postulated factor, not verifiable by direct observations by the senses. Hence to 12th century churchmen of the time, Abelard’s proposal to accept an Artistotelian basis was damned as the rankest heresy, for it seem that such acceptance would utterly degrade God and Christ’s divinity. But Aristotle, in his mathematical and physical philosophy of prime matter and secondary matter, his continuous field theory in place of the atomic theory, and his doctrines of opposites, of positive form and form by privation, and of the fourfold theory of causes, replaced Platonic science with an acceptable and satisfying system. When European scholars like Albertus Magnus, through better acquaintance with Greek literature, saw that in Greek times Aristotelian science had indeed replaced Platonic science, Catholic doctors of learning and the Church itself came under the spell of Aristotle. St. Thomas Aquinas provided the theological structure on the Aristotelian basis. This has remained dominant up to date in Catholic orthodoxy. At the same time, however, the Platonic-Augustinian distinction between the sensed and real world still influences the entire thought of both Catholic and Protestant Christendom.

Continued in part 2 and part 3

By George Piggott

It was a cold March evening, 6:30pm to be precise, almost dark. Gentle rain was cleaning the solitude of the late daylight change.

Suddenly a surprise — the unique song of a blackbird disturbed the silence. The soul of a blackbird dominated the immensity; an unexpected intrusion. A beautiful sound balanced with pause and harmonious clarity, continuing for several minutes, profound in the awareness of its revelation. Its rareness bound in the Beauty of Song, an exceedingly rare likelihood of birth on such a dreary night.

The whole incident cocooned in the storehouse of a Mind. An awareness to the fact that shadows of gloom can embody a shaft of ‘Light’ to illuminate the perception to understand in a mind of perpetual darkness.